Toxicological perspectives on potential mixture toxicity of alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde and lilial in consumer products

This review synthesizes available <i>in vitro</i>, <i>in vivo</i>, mechanistic, and regulatory data on HCA and Lilial, examines plausible interaction pathways including electrophile-mediated protein modification and metabolic competition, and identifies key gaps requiring mixture-oriented investigation. Greater integration of mechanistic toxicology with cumulative risk assessment frameworks is needed to better reflect real-world co-exposure scenarios involving fragrance aldehydes.