Disease Burden and Pattern of Healthcare Utilization Among Pilgrims During Hajj 2024: A Cross‑Sectional Analysis

<i>Background:</i> The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the largest annual mass gatherings in the world, and it presents unique healthcare issues due to the vast number and diversity of participants. Optimizing the delivery and planning of health services requires an understanding of prevalent diseases and healthcare usage patterns. The aim of the study was to examine the patterns of disease burden and healthcare utilization among 2024 Hajj pilgrims. <i>Methods:</i> This study used a retrospective, descriptive cross‑sectional design. Data from 37,758 adult patient records in the outpatient clinics (OPCs) of the primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and hospitals located at the holy sites (Mena, Arafat, and Muzdalifah) during Hajj 2024 were analyzed. Data covered demographics, nationality, diagnoses, discharge outcomes, and healthcare utilization in holy sites. Patterns and associations were assessed using descriptive statistics and chi‑square testing (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <i>Results:</i> Most pilgrims were men (65.5%), and older than 60 years of age (26.4%). They came from more than 100 different countries. The most frequent diagnosis (44.6%) was upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), which was followed by dermatitis (6.3%), gastrointestinal disorders (7.4%), headaches (7.8%), and musculoskeletal problems (7.3%). Geographically, disease prevalence varied: URTIs were most common in Mena (46.3%), dermatitis peaked in Muzdalifah (14.8%), and heat exhaustion was most common in Arafat (9.4%). Primary care use peaked in Mena (14,500 visits), mirroring pilgrim mobility. <i>Conclusion:</i> The results emphasize the necessity for flexible, data‑driven resource allocation by highlighting the dynamic and site‑specific character of healthcare demands during the Hajj. To improve health outcomes in upcoming Hajj seasons, it is imperative to enhance infection control, heat illness prevention, and culturally competent care, in addition to tailored interventions for older pilgrims and those with chronic illnesses.