Optimizing Spinacia oleracea production through organic fertilizers use in the lower Gangetic plain, West Bengal

The study evaluated the influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinach oleracea), with an emphasis on waste recycling, sustainable agricultural technologies, and carbon farming for zero emissions. Nine treatments, comprising various combinations of organic manures and biofertilizers, were tested using a randomized block design. Key growth and yield parameters, plant height, number of leaves, root length, and leaf area, ultimately achieved the highest yield (4.06t/ha), which significantly exceeded yields from chemical fertilizer (3.03t/ha) and the untreated control (0.80t/ha). The highest plant height was observed in the combination of cow dung and Azotobacter. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed strong and statistically significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) between root length, leaf area, and yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated significant variability among treatments, with organic combinations outperforming single treatments and the control. In the context of rising fertilizer costs and global environmental concerns, the recycling of farm waste into organic manure emerges as a sustainable approach that boosts productivity and supports net-zero emission goals. This study highlights the importance of integrating organic manures and biofertilizers to sustainably enhance crop yields and environmental health in leafy vegetable cultivation.