The relationship between structural campus climate and non-suicidal self-injury among middle school students: the chain-mediated roles of physical exercise and school bullying

PE and SB not only play independent mediating roles in the relationship between SCC and NSSI, but also function as sequential mediators in a chain-mediated pathway. The research findings underscore the importance of continuously optimizing the SCC in the intervention process for NSSI behavior among middle school students. On this basis, enhancing PE and reducing SB may provide effective avenues for alleviating NSSI behavior in this population.