The Signal in the Extreme: A Systematic Outlier Framework Identifies Discrete Immunometabolic Subtypes in Human and Cellular Models
Multivariate analysis confirmed spatial segregation of these profiles. Systematic outlier investigation revealed discrete pathophysiological subtypes invisible to mean-focused analyses, demonstrating that extreme values encapsulate potent biological signals. This framework offers a generalizable approach for uncovering clinical heterogeneity and identifying therapeutic targets in complex diseases.
Authors
- Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-6737)
- Rocío Alejandra Gutiérrez-Rojas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0376-5037)
- Rodrigo Romero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6991)
- Cruz Vargas-De-León
- Julio Jesús Garcia-Coste (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4627-5213)
- Carina López-Leyva
- Alexis Alejandro Garcia-Rivero
- Judith Espinosa-Raya
Institutions
- Hospital Juárez de México (MX)
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Medical Sciences
- Published
- 2026-03-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010128
- Primary Topic
- Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00