Adaptive multi-feature fusion architecture with optimized learning for high-fidelity brain tumor classification in MRI

Brain gliomas represent one of the most aggressive cancers worldwide and remain difficult to diagnose accurately at an early stage. Although computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) approaches have progressed notably in recent years, distinguishing between high-grade glioma (HG-G), low-grade glioma (LG-G), and healthy brain tissue on magnetic resonance images is still a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose a multi-stage framework designed to push the boundaries of current classification methods. The framework begins with a preprocessing phase that integrates Adaptive Gamma Correction (AGC) for improved contrast adjustment with a Denoising Convolutional Neural Network (DnCNN) for noise removal. Feature extraction is then carried out from three representative layers across three fine-tuned transfer learning CNNs (TRCNNs), where each model is optimized by a different algorithm. These deep representations are combined with handcrafted texture measures based on the Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), producing nine unique CNN-GLCM Fused Feature (CGFF) sets. The resulting hybrid descriptors are evaluated using several strong classifiers such as Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), along with a stacked ensemble to reinforce stability and robustness. Performance significance was verified through the Friedman statistical test, with p < 0.05, confirming the reliability of the improvements. The framework achieved 99.05% accuracy, 98.99% recall, 99.52% specificity, 99.08% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99.54% negative predictive value (NPV), consistently surpassed state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods across all reported metrics.