Clinical Applications of Electrical Conductivity Imaging Using <scp>MRI</scp>

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a noninvasive technique for probing the electrical properties of biological tissues: electrical conductivity and relative permittivity. This review focuses on the electrical conductivity and provides a comprehensive overview of applications across both low- and high-frequency regimes. At low frequencies (below 1 MHz), conductivity mapping primarily reflects tissue microstructure and ionic composition. In contrast, at high frequencies (around 100 MHz), tissue conductivity primarily reflects ionic composition. First, we summarize the theoretical foundations, technical developments, and reconstruction algorithms that underpin conductivity imaging, highlighting advances in magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography, current density imaging, and electrical properties tomography. The main part of the article discusses preclinical and clinical applications, demonstrating the potential and possible roles of conductivity imaging in clinical settings, along with current challenges and emerging applications. Finally, we outline future directions toward integrating conductivity imaging into routine MRI protocols, with the potential to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic monitoring. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.