Association of park features with total and prolonged sedentary behavior among older adults: An observational study in Macau

Changing the park features can contribute to increasing park-based physical activity, but many older adults still engage in sedentary behavior (SB). The relationship between park-based SB and park features remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine total and prolonged SB in older adults in urban parks and to explore the associations between such behavior and specific park features. Using systematic observation and covert video recording, this study collected behavioral data from older adults across 51 sub-areas within three Macau parks. The primary type of prolonged SB was identified using analysis of variance. To test these associations, negative binomial generalized linear mixed models and Firth's penalized logistic regression were employed. The results indicated that card/board game playing was associated with the most prolonged sedentary bouts. Shade (IRR = 4.98, p < 0.05) was the only feature significantly predictive of total SB and served as a necessary condition for prolonged SB. The presence of outdoor table and chairs showed a significant and robust association with prolonged SB (aOR = 10.16, p < 0.001). Current parks are often designed for passive sitting rather than promoting intermittent activity. Therefore, this study proposes design strategies to encourage active use, offering a novel approach to park design.