Phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of <i>Typhonium flagelliforme</i> cultivated via soil and hydroponic methods

Abstract Background Typhonium flagelliforme is a medicinal herb in the Araceae family, widely distributed in Southeast Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydroponic and soil‐based cultivation systems on the phytochemical content and bioactivity of T. flagelliforme . Results Using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) analysis, 9 and 16 phenolic compounds were identified in soil‐grown and hydroponically grown plant extracts, respectively. Seven phenolic compounds were identified in both cultivation systems. Hydroponically grown T. flagelliforme exhibited a significantly higher total phenolic content (49.0 ± 3.30 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g) and total flavonoid content (22.6 ± 3.45 mg catechin equivalent/100 g) compared to soil‐grown plants. Hydroponic extracts demonstrated a lower half‐maximal inhibitory concentration in radical scavenging (1.99 ± 0.19 mg/mL) and ferrous iron chelating (4.19 ± 0.08 mg/mL) assays than soil‐grown extracts (2.37 ± 0.17 and 5.51 ± 0.07 mg/mL, respectively), indicating stronger antioxidant activity. The anti‐radical power was also higher in hydroponically grown plants (0.50 ± 0.04) compared to soil‐grown plants (0.42 ± 0.02). Hydroponically grown extracts showed superior antibacterial efficacy compared to soil‐grown plants against Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus faecalis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . Conclusion This study demonstrated that hydroponic cultivation enhanced the bioactive compound content and improved the plant's antioxidant and antibacterial properties.