Microbial enzymes and nanotechnology: A synergistic platform for the detection, degradation, and detoxification of micro(nano)plastics

The pervasive crisis of micro(nano)plastic (MNP) pollution, characterized by environmental persistence and complex ecotoxicological impacts, necessitates a paradigm shift beyond conventional remediation methods. This review critically synthesizes advances at the nexus of microbial enzymology and nanotechnology, proposing an integrated, multi-pronged strategy for MNP mitigation. Detailed analysis encompasses the catalytic mechanisms of key enzyme classes for polymer depolymerization, the development of nano-enabled platforms such as Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for sensitive detection, and the rational design of nano-biohybrid systems that synergistically enhance degradation efficiency and catalyst recyclability. Further examination highlights the transformative potential of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence in accelerating the discovery and engineering of novel plastic-degrading enzymes, while a critical appraisal addresses the ecological risks and lifecycle challenges associated with deploying engineered nanomaterials. The synthesis underscores the imperative for an overarching “Detect-Degrade-Detoxify” framework, positioning biological treatment not merely as clean-up but as a cornerstone for sustainable material management. Future progress hinges on interdisciplinary convergence, merging molecular science, environmental engineering, and circular economy principles to develop scalable, safe, and economically viable biotechnological solutions for plastic pollution.