Heterogeneity in perinatal depression and its related factors: a longitudinal study in Beijing, China

Perinatal depressive symptom trajectories exhibit heterogeneity. Differences in patterns of symptom persistence were associated with maternal age, social support, marital satisfaction, personal and family histories of depression. These findings highlight the value of continuous and dynamic assessment of perinatal depressive symptoms incorporates key psychosocial and clinical characteristics to inform monitoring. Improving awareness of perinatal mental health, strengthening family and social support may facilitate earlier identification and management.