Sonic‐Driven Green Engineering of Sn–ZrO ₂ Nanocomposites Using <i>Musa paradisiaca</i> Peel Extract for Antimicrobial, Antioxidation, and Dye Removal Applications

ABSTRACT In this study, Sn‐ZrO 2 nanocomposites were synthesized using an extract from the peel of Musa paradisiaca under ultrasonic irradiation. In Sn‐ZrO 2 nanocomposites, banana peel extract plays a critical role as a capping and reducing agent, thus green methods were used to synthesize Sn‐ZrO 2 nanocomposites. The following techniques were used to examine the nanoparticles like transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), FTIR spectroscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometer, and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) etc. The biosynthesized Sn–ZrO 2 nanocomposites had an average particle size of about 20 nm, according to TEM examination. The study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of biosynthesized Sn‐ZrO 2 and ZrO 2 nanocomposites. The results demonstrated synergistic effects of the nanocomposite against different bacterial and fungal strains, with MIC values ranges from 150 to 200 µg/mL, respectively. IC‐50 values of the DPPH and ABTS reveal that Sn‐ZrO 2 nanocomposites possess more scavenging potential than bare ZrO 2 . Furthermore, at an adsorbent dosage level of 30 mg/L for 20 mL of 20 mg/L dye at pH 8 and 25°C, the biosynthesized Sn‐ZrO 2 nanocomposites shown exceptional elimination efficiency of 97.35% and achieved equilibrium state in 25 min. After five cycles, reusability tests showed that the nanocomposites continued to have a high removal efficiency (83.24%). Our findings suggest that agro‐waste‐synthesized Sn‐ZrO 2 nanocomposites have promising biological and adsorption properties and could serve as effective nanocomposites for adsorption applications. Ongoing research aims to refine synthetic conditions and explore broader applications of these biosynthesized nanocomposites, focusing on sustainability.