Understanding the role of overdose witnesses: responses and characteristics of people who inject drugs in Oakland and San Francisco
Nearly four in five PWID in Oakland and San Francisco recently witnessed an overdose. Witnesses are at greater risk of non-fatal overdose and may be the first to respond when those they inject with overdose. Targeting naloxone distributions to PWID who are characteristically more likely to witness overdoses may prevent additional drug-related deaths.
Authors
- Glenn‐Milo Santos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-5317)
- Raul Ruiz
- Eileen F. Dunne (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9634-1808)
- José Francisco
- Glenda N. Baguso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-2083)
- Paavani Lella
- Erin Wilson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5923-5053)
- Iris R. O’Neal
- Bow Suprasert
- Gueslyn Velasquez
- Willi McFarland
Institutions
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- San Francisco Department of Public Health (US)
- Alameda County Public Health Department (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Harm Reduction Journal
- Published
- 2026-03-08
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-026-01436-8
- Primary Topic
- HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00