Nutrigenomics of the Mediterranean Diet: Gene–Diet Interactions and Bioactive Compounds in Cardiovascular Health

ABSTRACT The growing field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between genetic makeup and dietary factors, particularly in the context of cardiovascular health. As cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality globally, there is a need to better understand how individual genetic variations influence dietary responses. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, omega‐3 fatty acids, and monounsaturated fats, has been widely studied for its cardioprotective effects. Recent advances in omics technologies have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of the MedDiet. This narrative review focuses on the intersection of nutrigenomics and cardiovascular health, examining how the MedDiet influences gene expression and metabolic pathways, particularly those related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. It also discusses the role of specific nutrients and bioactive compounds in modulating gene expression and their potential to reduce CVD risk. Furthermore, the review explores how personalized nutrition, guided by genetic information, could enhance the efficacy of dietary interventions for CVD prevention and management. Although significant progress has been made in understanding gene–diet interactions, further research is needed to refine individualized dietary guidelines and integrate multi‐omics approaches for improved cardiovascular health outcomes.