Impact of ENSO and IOD on the Interannual Variability of Internal Tides and Its Energy Budget Over the Eastern Arabian Sea

Abstract This study investigates the interannual variability of internal tide (IT) energetics in the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) by synthesizing ocean reanalysis data (1993–2023) with high‐resolution numerical simulations. Focusing on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), we analyze three distinct climatic phases: concurrent El Niño and positive IOD, pure positive IOD, and concurrent La Niña with negative IOD. The results reveal significant modulation of barotropic‐to‐baroclinic energy conversion, with semidiurnal tides peaking during pre‐monsoon and winter, and diurnal tides maximizing during monsoon and winter. Energy conversion is consistently enhanced during positive IOD years, particularly when coincident with El Niño, with the most pronounced effects in the southern sector during January, April, and October. During peak IOD phases, energy conversion increases by up to 58% compared to La Niña–negative IOD conditions, regardless of tidal frequency or generation site. Both IT propagation and dissipation are similarly enhanced during positive IOD years. Reanalysis data attribute this amplification to strengthened density stratification, driven by weaker wind forcing, increased net surface heat flux, and reduced vertical mixing during positive IOD and El Niño events. These findings provide new insights into the climate‐driven regulation of IT dynamics, underscoring the substantial role of ENSO and IOD in modulating the energy budget, mixing, and circulation of the EAS.