How to euthanase almost any exotic animal: a guide for the general practitioner

Background : Provision of emergency first aid, including euthanasia, is an obligation for every practising veterinary surgeon regardless of the species presented. Euthanasia in exotic animal species can pose significant challenges due to the wide range of anatomical and physiological differences. Practitioners may also be less confident with providing veterinary care to exotic species. It is important that the welfare of each patient is safeguarded, even during emergency euthanasia, with minimal stress to the patient. Aim of the article : This article provides practical advice for general practitioners performing euthanasia in exotic animals, with a focus on techniques applicable to small mammals, avian companion animals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. Methods of chemical and physical restraint are discussed, and examples of sedative techniques before euthanasia are given. Euthanasia medicines administration methods are described, with an emphasis on the limitations and ethical considerations.