Evolution and rise of antimicrobial resistance in key public health bacteria within and across the One Health sectors

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health and exerts an increasing economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Understanding AMR in human pathogens requires discernment of the complex interactions within the One Health continuum that encompasses humans, animals, and the environment. The issue extends beyond antibiotic misuse in medicine to include a broad spectrum of sector activities that contribute to the development and spread of ressitance genes; veterinary practice, farming, agriculture, aquaculture, and industrial operations. Emerging bacterial resistance within pathogens of public health importance are examined from the One Health perspective, focusing on the mechanisms of genetic change that enable resistance. AMR in specific bacteria particularly important due to the transmissibility of these pathogens amongst individuals, nosocomial environments, and the population leading to the resurgence of diseases that were previously controlled. Advanced genomic typing methods enhance the ability to delineate bacterial strains, improving surveillance and monitoring efforts. Recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health is vital for safeguarding the effectiveness of antibiotics. Coordinated action across all sectors within the One Health framework is essential to preserve these critical drugs for future generations.