Assessing public transport equity: The case of Alexandria, Egypt

Transport equity addresses the fair distribution of transit resources among diverse social groups, with accessibility to job opportunities serving as a core measure in transportation planning. Assessing equity requires distinguishing between two complementary concepts. Horizontal equity refers to the equal distribution of transit resources within groups with similar needs, while vertical equity emphasizes the prioritization of access for vulnerable populations. This paper examines both dimensions by analyzing the distribution of job accessibility provided by the public transport system in Alexandria, Egypt. The study adopts a methodology that evaluates equity by applying the cumulative opportunity measure to calculate the number of jobs accessible within 30-, 45-, and 60-minute travel-time thresholds, using GTFS-based public transport data and Census employment records. It then integrates a Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) derived from demographic, socioeconomic, and housing and infrastructure indicators to classify population groups based on their social needs. The analysis employs the Gini index to assess whether accessibility is horizontally distributed within groups, while the concentration index captures vertical equity by linking accessibility levels to social vulnerability. reveal significant inequalities in job accessibility across Alexandria. However, the distribution becomes more equitable with increasing travel time threshold, with the Gini coefficient declining from 0.35 at 30 min to 0.20 at 60 min. However, within-group inequalities are greater in the most vulnerable populations. From a vertical equity standpoint, concentration index values remain positive across all thresholds (0.37, 0.34 and 0.25), indicating that job accessibility favors better-off groups living in centrally served areas. These findings identify priority zones and critical gaps that can guide interventions in underserved areas. Overall, by integrating a composite Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) with multidimensional equity metrics, this study introduces an integrated framework that addresses a methodological gap in transport equity research for mid-sized cities in North Africa and similar developing cities.