Review on spent lithium-based batteries: Pollution challenge, health risks and approaches for recovery contribute to the circular economy

Lithium-based batteries are vital devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, playing a central role in modern society and powering a wide range of daily applications. However, the rapid increase in discarded batteries presents significant environmental and health risks, as spent batteries are classified as hazardous waste. Toxic materials within these batteries pose threats to ecosystems and human health, making efficient recycling a critical priority. Improving the recycling efficiency of lithium-based batteries is crucial for reducing economic, health, and environmental costs. Furthermore, spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasingly recognized as valuable secondary resources for future battery materials. As the electric vehicle and energy storage sectors grow rapidly, the need for battery recycling, particularly for lithium-based batteries, becomes increasingly urgent. This review summarizes current challenges and emerging opportunities in developing sustainable, efficient, and environmentally responsible recycling technologies for spent lithium-based batteries, supporting the transition toward a circular economy. Environmentally friendly recovery processes can achieve up to 95% efficiency in lithium and cobalt recovery from waste LIBs. Sustainable battery recycling is closely aligned with SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and global carbon neutrality goals, emphasizing the importance of coordinated policies among governments, industry, and the public.