Potential Role of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields in Cancer Development and Progression

In recent decades, considerable scientific attention has been directed toward investigating the long-term effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and their potential association with cancer risk. Most epidemiological studies have focused on vulnerable populations, particularly children, and their possible links to cancers such as leukaemia and brain tumors. In contrast, evidence in adults and other cancer types remains limited and sometimes inconsistent. Despite extensive research, no well-established biological mechanism has been identified to explain the potential carcinogenic effects of EMFs, as the energy carried by these fields is insufficient to directly damage DNA, distinguishing them fundamentally from ionizing radiation. Moreover, key factors such as the primary sources of EMFs, field intensity, exposure duration and frequency, and environmental conditions may play significant roles in potential biological effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, sources, and typical exposure conditions of EMFs, as well as to examine their possible influence on processes involved in cancer promotion and progression. Additionally, the review discusses current challenges, limitations of existing studies, and the need for future research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and establish safe exposure levels.