HEALTH CHALLENGES OF ABDOMINAL OBESITY: A REVIEW OF MECHANISMS AND OUTCOMES

Abdominal or central obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation around the waist and visceral organs, is a growing global health concern. The prevalence of visceral fat is rising worldwide, posing significant risks to overall health and longevity. Genetic predispositions—including hereditary factors, genetic variants, and hormonal imbalances—strongly influence abdominal fat accumulation. Lifestyle factors, such as high-calorie and high-sugar diets, frequent consumption of processed foods and fast foods, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake, further exacerbate central adiposity. Sedentary behavior, marked by prolonged sitting and low physical activity, reduces daily energy expenditure, promoting visceral fat deposition. Evidence links abdominal obesity with increased risks of chronic disease, lifetime disability, and reduced life expectancy, particularly in men. Preventive and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed, emphasizing dietary moderation, regular physical activity, and behavioral interventions to encourage healthier habits. This review underscores the multifactorial nature of central obesity and highlights the importance of integrated lifestyle and behavioral strategies in managing and reducing abdominal fat to improve population health outcomes