Economic Impact of Genetically Modified Crops on Smallholder Farmers in Developing Nations: A Systematic Literature Review

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been widely adopted in developing nations, yet their economic impact on smallholder farmers remains a contested and multifaceted issue. This systematic literature review consolidates current studies to assess the impact of GM crops on the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in low- and middle-income countries, examining both benefits and drawbacks. We analyze aspects including economic results, uptake trends, legal structures, and societal-ethical views to deliver a thorough evaluation. The approach adheres to a strict procedure for locating, choosing, and examining pertinent research, which guarantees an equitable inclusion of varied viewpoints. Research indicates GM crops frequently increase yield consistency and lower pesticide application, thus raising income for certain farmers; nevertheless, the advantages are not uniformly shared because of differences in availability, understanding, and institutional assistance. Concerns about seed costs, market dependency, and environmental trade-offs further complicate the narrative. Although genetically modified crops possess the capacity to strengthen food security, their enduring viability hinges on fair policies and innovations centered on farmers. The review emphasizes the necessity for tailored approaches that connect technological progress with the socio-economic conditions of small-scale agricultural producers. Drawing on empirical evidence, this study advances a refined comprehension of GM crops’ contribution to agricultural progress and delivers guidance for policymakers seeking to harmonize yield improvements with equitable development.