Optimized PID-D ² Controlled ULLC for Efficient PV Energy Conversion

Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert solar energy into electrical power, providing sustainable and clean energy solutions. However, these systems face critical challenges such as low voltage output and unstable performance due to continuously changing sunlight and temperature conditions. This paper proposes a high-efficiency PV energy conversion system based on an Ultra-Lift Luo Converter (ULLC), designed to overcome the voltage limitations of conventional PV systems. The converter ensures high voltage gain, making it suitable for low-voltage PV sources. A fuzzy PID-D 2 (Proportional-Integral-Derivative second derivative) controller is implemented to provide precise output voltage regulation and enhanced dynamic response. To further improve control accuracy and system stability, the controller parameters are optimised using the Adaptive Siberian Tiger Optimisation (STO) algorithm, a recent nature-inspired metaheuristic based on the hunting behaviour of Siberian tigers. Additionally, the system integrates a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy to ensure maximum power extraction from the PV array under all operating conditions. MATLAB Simulation results validate the proposed system, demonstrating improved voltage gain, reduced settling time, and enhanced system stability under varying solar irradiance and load conditions. The combination of ULLC, PID-D 2 control, and STO-based tuning presents a novel and robust solution for high-performance renewable energy systems.