Depression in Parkinson’s disease: aetiology, assessment and treatment

SUMMARY Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with a range of movement-related and non-movement symptoms. Depression is a frequent complication and linked to faster cognitive decline, reduced daily functioning and poorer quality of life. This review looks at how often depression occurs in Parkinson’s disease, possible reasons behind it and the diverse ways it can be treated. A thorough evaluation using a biopsychosocial approach, supported by tools like the Patient Health Questionnaire, is essential. Treatment options include medications (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors), talking therapies (e.g. cognitive–behavioural therapy and problem-solving therapy) and electroconvulsive therapy. Techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are being explored for individuals who do not respond to standard treatments. The findings highlight the importance of personalised, evidence-based care to improve the mental health and independence of people with Parkinson’s disease.