Comparison of craniofacial skeletal morphology in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome patients with class II and class III malocclusions: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Distinct craniofacial skeletal patterns exist in pediatric OSAHS patients with different malocclusions. Class III patients demonstrate mandibular growth restriction with compensatory protrusion, while Class II patients display high-angle, long-face morphology with clockwise growth rotation. These findings have important clinical implications for individualized orthodontic and surgical planning in the management of pediatric OSAHS, highlighting the need for early assessment of craniofacial structure in affected children.