Myofibroblast lineage mapping and inhibiting subretinal fibrosis by targeting SMAD3 and MRTF pathways via microRNA-24 functional study

Subretinal fibrosis underlies the end-stage pathogenesis of retinal diseases including age- related macular degeneration (AMD). It can disrupt retinal structure and eventually lead to legal blindness by generating contractile force, fibrotic scarring, subretinal hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Myofibroblasts are the predominant cells critically involved in subretinal fibrosis, however, the cellular contribution to myofibroblasts remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that multiple cell lineages, including macrophages, endothelial cells (EC), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and pericytes, significantly contribute to myofibroblasts in a laser-induced subretinal fibrosis model. We found microRNA <i>miR-24</i> is significantly downregulated in the plasma of wet AMD patients. Overexpression of <i>miR-24</i> represses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and the resulting fibrosis by regulating TGF- β/SMAD3 and PAK4/LIMK2/MRTF pathways. Consistently, a combination of SMAD3 and MRTF inhibitors show superior efficacy to individual inhibitors in repressing fibrosis <i>in vitro</i> and laser-induced subretinal fibrosis <i>in vivo</i> . Together, these suggest the contribution of multiple cell-types in myofibroblast transformation in subretinal fibrosis, and repression of <i>miR-24</i> -regulated TGF-β/SMAD3 and PAK4/LIMK2/MRTF pathways in multiple cell types holds therapeutic potential for treating subretinal fibrosis in AMD and other fibrotic disorders.