The impact of trade facilitation on the international competitiveness of agricultural products: a case study of the construction of China’s pilot free trade zones

Introduction The elimination of cross-border trade barriers and the enhancement of trade facilitation have emerged as critical drivers for high-quality regional economic development. This study focuses on the agricultural sector to investigate how trade facilitation, particularly through the establishment of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones, affects the international competitiveness of agricultural products. Methods Utilizing Chinese panel data from 2009 to 2024, this paper conducts an empirical analysis using methods such as the Multi-period Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, mediation models, and heterogeneity analysis. It assesses the impact of trade facilitation (measured by the implementation of FTZs) on the international competitiveness of agricultural products, exploring its transmission pathways and the influence of regional characteristics. Results The study finds:(1)The establishment of FTZs significantly enhances the global standing of China’s agricultural products, driven by efficient customs clearance and regulatory coordination mechanisms.(2)FTZs intensify market competition, triggering a “forced mechanism” that promotes technological innovation and labor productivity improvements.(3)These zones improve the agricultural financial system, alleviate financing constraints, and optimize resource allocation. (4)Policy dividends are more pronounced in regions with superior infrastructure, larger production scales, and higher levels of brand standardization. Discussion It is recommended that different regions adopt localized strategies: coastal areas should lead in digital governance and AI-based services, while inland regions should focus on cold-chain logistics and specialized trade in deep-processed products. Cooperatives should be leveraged to bridge “small-scale production” with the “vast global market.” Additionally, integrating cross-border e-commerce and innovative rural financial products is essential to buffer operational risks and drive the technological upgrading of China’s agricultural sector.