Design, green synthesis, and bioevaluation of 1,3-thiazole-sulfonamide hybrids as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent

This study presents the design and green synthesis of a novel series of 1,3-thiazole sulfonamide hybrids 4, 6a–j using microwave irradiation. The synthetic method achieved high yields (87–92%) with short reaction times (8–15 min) and minimal use of toxic solvents, aligning with green chemistry principles. The structures of all products were confirmed via IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as for their anti-inflammatory activities. Compound 6h exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 32 mm and 28 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. In anti-inflammatory assays, compounds 6h, 6i, and 6j demonstrated superior efficacy, achieving inhibition percentages of up to 97.98%, 95.06%, and 95.53%, respectively at 500 µg/mL, these results are comparable to those of the reference drug, diclofenac sodium (85.16%). A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that the presence of electron-donating groups on the phenyl ring significantly enhances both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.