Use of Internet of Things-derived data in small-scale fire scene investigations: A mixed-methods study

This dissertation focused on the utilization of Internet of Things (IoT)-derived data by fire investigators to determine the origin and cause of a fire. The field of fire investigation is a complex forensic science undertaking that requires the fire investigator to be skilled in various scientific fields. The goal of a fire investigation is to use the information gained through disparate disciplines and coalesce them into one investigatory finding to determine the origin and cause of a fire. Fire investigators have historically learned their craft through mentorship rather than formalized scientific training. This mentorship relies on the subjective interpretation of evidence found at the fire scene, including the interpretation of burn patterns. In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences published a paper outlining ways in which the forensic sciences, including fire investigation, could increase their effectiveness. The recommendations included placing a greater emphasis on sound science and investigations being conducted with greater scientific rigor. The results of a fire investigation will become more reliable as subjective opinion is removed and replaced with objective evidence. IoT-derived data are objective evidence that the fire investigator can use to determine the origin and cause of a fire. The IoT is a network of physical objects, wearable and implanted devices, and other objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to exchange data and interact with each others over the internet. These sensors continually collect and transmit data from the environment, providing real-time monitoring information. This mixed-method study consisted of an online survey to explore how fire investigators are using IoT-derived data in their fire investigations. Many of the survey participants had accessed IoT data but lacked familiarity and formal training in the area. The survey findings highlighted the increasing presence of IoT-derived data in fire investigations while acknowledging the broader challenges of expertise, training, resource access, legal considerations, and the thoroughness needed during the investigation to ensure the reliability and validity of findings.