Time Curvature Revealed by a Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution

This work constitutes the third paper in the Time-Curvature Trilogy, following “Time Curvature as the True Origin of Cosmic Acceleration” and “Time Curvature in FLRW Cosmology: Supernova and Hubble Constraints.” The trilogy develops a geometric reinterpretation of cosmic expansion in which the mapping between observer time and cosmological evolution time is allowed to be nonlinear while preserving the Einstein field equations and the FLRW spacetime structure. In this third installment, the framework is extended across a billion years of cosmic evolution to examine several major observational tensions in modern cosmology. The analysis shows that a single temporal-curvature parameter can simultaneously address late-time acceleration, the Hubble tension, early JWST galaxy formation, the cosmic age discrepancy, and the coincidence problem without introducing dark energy, modifying gravity, or altering the matter content of the universe. The results suggest that multiple cosmological anomalies may arise from the assumption of linear cosmic time rather than from new physical components, pointing toward temporal geometry as a minimal and unified explanation.