Modelling, optimization and control of hydrogen-based power supply system for residential buildings

• A residential photovoltaic energy supply system is modelled and analysed. • Hydrogen and battery storages are used for energy balancing. • Fuel cell waste heat is integrated with a heat pump and thermal energy storage. • Optimal sizing of system components determined by modelling and simulation. • Simple yet effective energy management algorithm is provided. This paper analyses a self-sustained, green electricity supply system for residential buildings based on photovoltaic generation supported by battery and hydrogen energy storage. Photovoltaic power generation depends on season, time of day, and weather, and is inherently out of sync with residential electricity demand. This imbalance can be addressed through short-term storage using batteries and long-term storage using a hydrogen system composed of an electrolyser, hydrogen storage, and a fuel cell. However, the high cost of technological equipment results in high annual costs of electricity and heat supply, making optimal system design and operation essential. To address this challenge, a techno-economic simulation model of the entire system is developed to support optimal component sizing and process control. Compared to related studies, the proposed approach employs simple and transparent techno-economic models, enabling adaptability to specific use cases. A power management algorithm is introduced to prioritise battery-based daily balancing and hydrogen-based seasonal balancing. The simulation study provides full-year energy flow profiles, detailed annual energy balance results, and a breakdown of electricity supply costs. Thermal integration of the fuel cell and heat pump is also considered to improve overall system efficiency. Results indicate that, with appropriate sizing and control, the annual electricity supply cost is approximately 4300 EUR for a state-of-the-art single-family house, which may be competitive in regions with high electricity and transmission costs.