Harnessing nature: a systematic exploration of <i>in vitro</i> antileishmanial and antihuman African trypanosomal properties in traditional medicinal plants and their active principles

A total of fifty eligible articles were included. 217 plants demonstrated potent activity (IC₅。 < 10 µg/mL) against <i>Leishmania</i> spp. and/or <i>T. brucei</i>. Among these, 41 species had documented traditional use in the treatment of leishmaniasis or HAT, whereas 76 were traditionally employed for unrelated ailments yet exhibited scientific evidence of antiparasitic efficacy. Notably, 67 species were active against both parasites, 120 displayed selective antitrypanosomal, and 30 showed selective antileishmanial activities. Exemplary candidates include <i>Achillea ptarmica</i> L. (pellitorine), <i>Allium sativum</i> L. (allicin, ajoene), <i>Strychnos spinosa</i> Lam. (triterpenoids), <i>Tridax procumbens</i> L. (oxylipin), and <i>Marrubium incanum</i> Desr. (salvigenin). More studies should define mechanisms and <i>in vivo</i> efficacy.<b>Systematic review registration:</b> Not registered.