Immunomodulation in the Treatment of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis

This case series provides evidence that patients with severe and/or disseminated coccidioidomycosis may benefit from immunomodulation. These positive outcomes support the consideration of off-label use of these medications. Clinical trials are warranted for interferon gamma in severe disease and dupilumab for disseminated disease when Type-2 immune dysregulation is present. Further research is needed to identify the specific patient populations that may benefit most from the addition of immunomodulatory medications.