Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizic acid: Insights into key signaling pathways and disease modulation (Review)

Glycyrrhizic acid (GL), a natural extract derived from licorice, has shown notable therapeutic potential across various diseases through complex mechanisms involving key signaling pathways. The present review systematically summarized the primary biological actions of GL, highlighting its role as an inhibitor of high‑mobility group box‑1 and regulator of multiple notable pathways, including the nuclear factor‑κB, phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen‑activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription and pyroptosis‑related pathways. GL effectively modulates innate and adaptive immune responses, reduces inflammation and exhibits protective effects against liver injury. In oncology, GL has demonstrated anti‑proliferative and pro‑apoptotic effects by interacting with the tumor microenvironment, suppressing angiogenesis and enhancing chemotherapeutic efficacy as an adjuvant therapy. By synthesizing previous research advancements that elucidate the multifaceted biological mechanisms of GL, the present review aimed to provide a comprehensive foundation for future translational research.