Noise Hazard Awareness Among Street Vendors and Evaluation of Noise Levels in the Market Areas of North Kolkata: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: Prolonged exposure to high noise levels can result in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and other adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the awareness of noise hazards among street vendors in North Kolkata and to measure the noise levels in their work environment. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 street vendors in the Hatibagan-Shyambazar market area between July and September 2023. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling from the market association list. A pretested, expert-validated structured questionnaire was used to assess awareness and self-reported auditory symptoms. Ambient noise levels were measured using a calibrated Class 1 sound level meter at three market locations (roadside stalls, inner lanes, and intersections) during peak business hours. Equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) values were compared with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) permissible limits. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with good awareness. Results: Mean Leq levels exceeded CPCB limits (65 dB(A)) at all sites: roadside stalls (87.4 ± 4.5 dB(A)), inner lanes (82.1 ± 3.8 dB(A)), and intersections (89.8 ± 5.1 dB(A)). Although 82.8% of vendors were aware that loud noise can damage hearing, only 42.6% knew about government schemes for hearing impairment. Higher educational status was significantly associated with good awareness (aOR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.17-0.94; p = 0.035). Conclusion: Street vendors in North Kolkata are exposed to noise levels well above permissible limits, with notable gaps in awareness of noise-related hazards. Targeted awareness programs, provision of hearing protection, and strengthened regulatory enforcement are recommended.