Microplastics and Human Health: A Global Public Health Crisis

Abstract Microplastics, particles smaller than 5 mm, represent an unprecedented global health threat requiring immediate interventions. Ubiquitous environmental contamination exposes humans through food, air, and continuous contact pathways. These particles function as toxic chemical magnets, concentrating pollutants manifold the environmental levels. Workers in specific industries and trades are exposed to even higher levels of exposure and reveal severe health effects, such as increased lung disease rates and cancer risks. Several industry workers provide critical evidence of plastic-induced pathology, including fatal respiratory scarring. Current regulatory frameworks inadequately address complex particle–chemical mixtures, while knowledge gaps persist regarding synergistic effects, nanoplastics, and vulnerable populations. Immediate coordinated international action is essential to prevent irreversible health consequences of exposure to plastics. The Global Plastics Treaty, currently under negotiation, offers the opportunity to address the massive yet unrecognized public health challenge. Public health professionals must create protocols to identify health outcomes and disease burdens linked with plastic exposures. Public health and medical practitioners must also support the efforts of environmental and consumer groups to reduce plastic pollution.