Green algae-based sustainable nanoparticles: cutting-edge applications for sustainable development goals benchmark

Green algae, a diverse and abundant bioresource, have emerged as a sustainable platform for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) with wide-ranging applications. This review paper involves the reduction of metal salts by biological factors such as algae, inducing nanoparticles with unique properties, highlighting their eco-friendly synthesis, unique physicochemical properties, and multifaceted applications in biomedicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and food technology. Algae-mediated NPs exhibit significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and catalytic properties, making them valuable for drug delivery, water purification, and biofuel production. From the 17 goals of SDGs, the role of algae is emphasized, notably in potable water safe to drink (SDG 6), renewable and accessible energy sources (SDG 7), hunger eradication (SDG 2), and climate mitigation (SDG 13). Nanomaterials hold great promise across various applications, yet they face significant challenges. Key issues include scalability for mass production, ensuring economic viability, and navigating complex regulatory landscapes that can hinder their development and implementation. Future research aims to optimize production methods, enhance biocompatibility, and expand applications in nanotechnology. Green algae-based NPs represent a promising, sustainable alternative to conventional nanomaterials, offering innovative solutions for global environmental and health challenges.