Reno-protective mechanisms of curcumin in diabetic nephropathy

Curcumin has a pivotal role in diabetic nephropathy (DN), intervening in its progression through molecular, pathological, and clinical levels. This review systematically summarizes how curcumin modulates multiple pathways, ameliorates pathological alterations, and improves the metabolic disorders in DN. However, its clinical efficacy is constrained by low bioavailability. Consequently, this work provides novel perspectives for the multidimensional intervention of DN and offers strategies for optimizing drug delivery systems.