Benefit-risk assessment of HPV vaccination programs in Australia, the United States, and Japan

Japan's lower ENV gained compared to those of Australia and the US is primarily attributable to its low vaccination coverage and higher DALY rate for CC. HPV vaccination programs in Australia and the US have demonstrated strong benefit-risk profiles. Achieving vaccination rates comparable to those in Australia and the US can substantially improve outcomes. Japan's recent policy changes and educational initiatives have reduced AE concerns; however, further efforts are needed to raise the coverage of international benchmarks.