Divergent macrophage responses to Influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: co-infection drives bacterial dominance whereas superinfection favors viral priming

RNA-Seq and OLINK proteomic analyses revealed that simultaneous coinfection elicits a synergistic inflammatory response similar to that caused by Spn alone, with strong activation of NF-κB-dependent genes. In sequential superinfection, responses were shaped by viral priming, with bacterial challenge further amplifying genes linked to inflammation and fibrin clot formation, potentially contributing to disease severity. These effects were consistent across different IAV subtypes when tested in combination with porcine <i>Streptococcus suis</i> serotypes that impose a comparable burden in pigs during influenza coinfection. Additionally, age is a determinant of BMDM responses. This model offers an advantageous tool for studying coinfection dynamics in human and veterinary medicine.

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Publication Details

Journal
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2026-03-04
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1729086
Primary Topic
Influenza Virus Research Studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Divergent macrophage responses to Influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: co-infection drives bacterial dominance whereas superinfection favors viral priming

Sergio Rius‐Rocabert, Yolanda Revilla, Elena Pinelli, Javier Arranz-Herrero et al.
Frontiers in Immunology
Influenza Virus Research Studies
article

Divergent macrophage responses to Influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: co-infection drives bacterial dominance whereas superinfection favors viral priming

Sergio Rius‐Rocabert, Yolanda Revilla, Elena Pinelli, Javier Arranz-Herrero, Gustavo del Real, Vicent Tur-Planells, Paloma Reche, Sara Izpura-Luis, Jordi Ochando, César B. Gutiérrez-Martín, Jana Baranda, Estanislao Nistal-Villan, Ivan Gonzalez-Ruiz, Paloma Fernandez, Ines Inchausti-Moya, Alberto Miranda-Bedate, Mikel Moreno-Vadillo, Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
article en

Abstract

RNA-Seq and OLINK proteomic analyses revealed that simultaneous coinfection elicits a synergistic inflammatory response similar to that caused by Spn alone, with strong activation of NF-κB-dependent genes. In sequential superinfection, responses were shaped by viral priming, with bacterial challenge further amplifying genes linked to inflammation and fibrin clot formation, potentially contributing to disease severity. These effects were consistent across different IAV subtypes when tested in combination with porcine <i>Streptococcus suis</i> serotypes that impose a comparable burden in pigs during influenza coinfection. Additionally, age is a determinant of BMDM responses. This model offers an advantageous tool for studying coinfection dynamics in human and veterinary medicine.

Frontiers in ImmunologyVol. 17
Universidad San Pablo CEU (ES), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL), Universidad de León (MX), Universidad San Pablo (MX), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (ES), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES), Universidad de León (ES), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Université de Genève
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 35%
Influenza Virus Research Studies
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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