Dose-dependent nephrotoxicity of hexaconazole following subchronic exposure in <i>Swiss albino</i> mice

Hexaconazole (HEX), a triazole fungicide extensively used in agriculture, raises concerns due to its potential nephrotoxicity. This study assessed the dose-dependent effects of HEX on kidney structure and function in <i>Swiss albino</i> male mice. Mice received graded oral doses of HEX for 30 days, followed by evaluation of serum renal markers, oxidative stress parameters, and kidney histopathology. Results revealed significant, dose-dependent increases in serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels, indicating impaired renal function. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, catalase, GPx) were decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels elevated in kidney tissue, supporting increased oxidative stress. Histological analysis showed progressive renal injury, from mild tubular changes in low dose groups to marked glomerular atrophy, tubular dilation, extensive vacuolar degeneration, and widespread necrosis at higher doses. These findings demonstrate that HEX induces clear nephrotoxic effects in mice through oxidative stress and disruption of renal architecture. The study underscores the importance of strict regulation and further research on the safe use and management of HEX to protect health and the environment.