SLC4A1 mutations that cause distal renal tubular acidosis alter cytoplasmic pH and cellular autophagy

Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a disorder characterized by the inability of the collecting duct system to secrete acids during metabolic acidosis. The pathophysiology of dominant or recessive SLC4A1 variant-related dRTA has been linked with the mis-trafficking defect of mutant kAE1 protein. However, in vivo studies in kAE1 R607H dRTA mice and humans have revealed a complex pathophysiology implicating a loss of kAE1-expressing intercalated cells and intracellular relocation of the H + -ATPase in the remaining type-A intercalated cells. These cells also displayed accumulation of ubiquitin and p62 autophagy markers. The highly active transport properties of collecting duct cells require the maintenance of cellular energy and homeostasis, a process dependent on intracellular pH. Therefore, we hypothesized that the expression of dRTA variants affects intracellular pH and autophagy pathways. In this study, we report the characterization of newly identified dRTA variants and provide evidence of abnormal autophagy and degradative pathways in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells and kidneys from mice expressing kAE1 R607H dRTA mutant protein. We show that reduced transport activity of the kAE1 variants correlated with increased cytosolic pH, reduced ATP synthesis, attenuated downstream autophagic pathways pertaining to the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes and/or lysosomal degradative activity. Our study elucidated a close relationship between the expression of defective kAE1 proteins, reduced mitochondrial activity, and decreased autophagy and protein degradative flux.