How local dialects impact on economic and social opportunities in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: A societal perspective

The intersection of linguistic and socioeconomic dynamics among 344 residents of Al-Ahsa (168 non-Saudis: 95 males, 73 females; 176 Saudis: 82 males, 94 females) aged 18–60 years was examined in this study. Educational attainment ranged from high school (7.28%) to bachelor’s (33.14%), master’s (19.48%), and PhD (37.5%) degrees, in addition to other qualifications (2.6%), while native-language use included Gulf Arabic (37.5%), other Arabic dialects (57.8%), and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA; 4.65%). Data were collected using a survey instrument comprising two subscales: (1) attitudes toward local dialects and (2) local linguistic usage and communication patterns. The findings indicated that demographic factors influenced attitudes toward local dialects in Al-Ahsa. Gender affected some aspects of attitudes and communication patterns, but nationality, age, and education had stronger influences on the participants’ perceptions. Non-Saudis, older participants, and those with master’s degrees had more positive attitudes toward local dialects. In comparison, younger participants, Saudi nationals, and PhD holders tended to view dialect usage less favorably. Of note, MSA speakers tended to exhibit less favorable attitudes toward the use of local dialects. Participants with higher socioeconomic perspectives, particularly non-Saudis, middle-aged individuals, and master’s degree holders, recognized the role of dialects in accessing opportunities. The study’s findings highlighted the need for inclusive language policies to promote socioeconomic mobility for all dialect speakers. • Non-Saudis, older participants, and master’s degree holders viewed the local dialects more positively. • Speakers of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)—the formal, standardized variety used in education, media, and official discourse—exhibited the least favorable attitudes toward local dialects, reflecting the prestige and normative expectations of MSA use in formal settings. • Individuals with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to recognize the strategic value of using different dialects as a means of accessing social and economic opportunities. • Inclusive language policies are recommended to bridge dialect-based socioeconomic disparities.