Energy consumption features, correlative factors, and management strategies of tertiary hospitals across various climate zones in Jiangsu, China

To establish efficient, low-carbon, and resilient hospitals, tailored strategies are recommended. For cold zones, the focus should be on optimizing energy structures, building design, and facility layout. For hot-summer-cold-winter zones, improving building insulation is crucial. Furthermore, accelerating investment in intelligent carbon-monitoring systems, managing energy hardware upgrades at the source, and enhancing staff energy-saving awareness are essential steps forward.