In Vitro Biocompatibility of Calcium Silicate-Based Materials for Retrograde Endodontic Treatment Under Different Setting Conditions

Within the limitations of this in vitro eluate-based model, blood exposure during setting had a minimal influence on the cell viability to the tested materials. Among the evaluated materials, Biodentine exhibited the most stable biological profile. These findings reflect time-dependent, eluate-mediated cellular effects and should be interpreted with caution when extrapolating to clinical conditions.