Dynamic evaluation and realization mechanisms of multi-dimensional benefits for microgrids in new-type power systems

Amid high renewable penetration, market reform, and dual-carbon goals, microgrids are expected to deliver economic, environmental, and technical value, yet much work remains static or single-dimensional and lacks a closed loop from evaluation to fair sharing and incentives. This paper proposes an integrated approach that (i) dynamically evaluates multi-dimensional benefits and (ii) designs mechanisms to realize them. We build a system-dynamics model linking economic, environmental (energy-saving/emission-reduction), and technical subsystems via causal loops and stock–flow equations, and validate it through simulation. The evaluation spans direct economic returns, emission reduction, energy saving, reliability, line-loss reduction, and a comprehensive index. Results show that larger scale and higher utilization hours raise energy-saving, emission-reduction, and line-loss benefits, while reliability gains are modest—and may even weaken—under greater renewable higher renewable utilization. To translate benefits into practice, we introduce an improved Shapley-value rule for redistributing direct gains, a performance-based cost-compensation contract, and an externality-benefit mechanism within a principal–agent setting. Together these tools improve fairness, incentive-compatibility, and cost recovery, lower coalition-exit risk, and support stable long-term operation, alongside policy recommendations for durable regulation.