Microplastic waste governance in Pakistan: administrative, legal, and environmental challenges

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is a serious environmental problem that affects ecosystems, human health, and biodiversity. In Pakistan, microplastic contamination is especially concerning, with studies showing high concentrations in various water bodies and marine environments. The Indus River, for example, is estimated to carry 10,000 metric tons of MPs annually into the Arabian Sea. Specific locations such as Clifton Beach in Karachi have been reported to contain approximately 300 MPs per gram of sand. Furthermore, MPs are found in table salts, with averages ranging between 30 and 35 particles per kilogram. In freshwater lakes like Rawal Lake, concentrations of up to 8.8 particles per cubic meter have been observed. Despite these alarming statistics, Pakistan lacks a clear legislative framework to address microplastic pollution. Existing environmental laws, such as the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), do not define or regulate MPs specifically. This study highlights the legislative gaps and suggests reforms based on international best practices, particularly from the EU REACH Regulation and Japan’s Act on the Promotion of Resource Circulation for Plastics. Key recommendations include establishing a National Microplastic Monitoring Program, implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, and adopting sector-specific controls to reduce microplastic emissions from industries like textiles and tires. By integrating these measures, Pakistan can improve its governance of MPs and contribute to global efforts to mitigate this pervasive pollutant.