Hepatic Artery Embolization Reduces Tumor-infiltrating-CD8-positive Lymphocytes in an Orthotopic Rat Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model

Hepatic artery embolization reduces the number of tumor-infiltrating cluster of differentiation 8-positive lymphocytes without altering the proportion of exhausted T cells. These findings suggest that, to increase hepatic artery embolization efficacy in combination with immunotherapy, a strategy of recruiting more cluster of differentiation 8-positive lymphocytes into the tumor tissue may be necessary.