Solar irradiation variability in the high Andean region of Amazonas-Peru: Spatiotemporal climatic perspective to evaluate the potential for solar energy implementation

The variability of solar radiation in the high Andean area of the Amazonas-Peru region is a critical factor to evaluate the potential for solar energy projects amid climate change. The objective of the study was to analyze spatiotemporal trends of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation between 2015 and 2024, determining their relationship and implications for solar energy use. Climate data were collected from three meteorological stations (Congón, Luya Viejo, and Kuélap) and analyzed using spatial interpolation techniques (Kriging) and Mann-Kendall statistical tests to detect temporal trends, complemented with the Sen estimator to measure change magnitude. Time series identified the evolution of climate variables during the study, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) evaluated the relationship of these variables with the years analyzed. The results showed a trend toward increasing temperature in most months, especially from January to March, and a significant reduction in annual solar radiation (-3.16 W/m²/year), with minimums in April and November. Rainfall increased significantly in March and January, highlighting seasonality in the region. Extreme weather events such as El Niño and La Niña influenced observed variability. This study provides novel evidence in a poorly documented Andean region, integrating spatial and multivariate analyses to assess solar potential in a conservation area. Although dry-season radiation is high, climate variability and cloudiness reduce photovoltaic efficiency. Still, stable solar resources in clear areas and rising temperatures create opportunities for sustainable projects and support renewable energy policies in Peru’s highlands. • Spatiotemporal analysis of solar radiation, temperature, and rainfall in the high Andean zone of Amazonas. • Solar radiation declines, strongest in November (−5.29 W/m²/year). • Temperatures rise (up to 0.34°C/year); rainfall peaks in January and March. • El Niño and La Niña drive rainfall extremes, affecting solar energy potential. • Findings support renewable energy planning in northern Peru’s Andean highlands.