Declining grassland canopy height in China under asymmetric biomass allocation

Grassland canopy height is one of the most important traits for determining plant diversity and community structure, directly affecting the resource use efficiency of livestock in grassland ecosystems. However, broad-scale changes in grassland canopy height are seldom reported due to the complex effects of species aggregation on both interspecific and intraspecific structures. Here, we decouple grassland aboveground biomass into vertical and horizontal allocations, thereby offering a pathway to mirror changes in grassland canopy height. Grassland aboveground biomass is estimated using a machine learning algorithm by fusing climatic factors, satellite-driving metrics, and 8-year consecutive ground-truth surveys; the horizontal allocation of grassland aboveground biomass is derived from optimized linear spectral mixture analysis. We find that changes in horizontal biomass allocation primarily accounted for increases in Chinese grassland aboveground biomass from 2001 to 2022, resulting in a significant decline in grassland canopy height. The decline in grassland canopy height is shaped by reduced radiation and, more importantly, by the combined effects of warming and grazing, while also being related to variations in plant diversity. The dwarfing grassland community with declining canopy height may increase the impact of livestock disturbances, thus diminishing the resistance of grassland ecosystems to climate fluctuations.